Of the 10 new fellows announced Oct. 4, three are UC Berkeley professors Claire Kremen, Mark Richards and Benito Tan, and one is adjunct professor Jonathon Stillman.

Each year, the academy elects up to 15 scientists to join the fellowship, and the number of scientists elected each year depends on the caliber of the scientists in the nominee pool. Existing fellows nominate the researchers, and once researchers are elected to the academy, they stay on as fellows for life.

According to Terrence Gosliner, dean of science and research collections at the California Academy of Sciences, the fellows are selected based on several criteria: having a proven record of scientific excellence, being able to attract external grants, doing integrative research “that cuts across disciplines,” having a good track record in collaboration and doing research relevant to current events in society, among others.

“We’re looking for people with a proven record of really advancing their science,” Gosliner said. “It’s not just doing routine publications with scientific approaches but really moving the needle in a particular field.”

A professor in the campus department of earth and planetary science and dean of the division of mathematical and physical sciences, Richards said that he plans to continue geological research on the Galapagos Islands as a fellow of the academy in upcoming years.

Richards, who has been researching the Galapagos on and off for two decades, said he plans to study how the islands’ geological and physical aspects are connected to the biological evolution of the islands’ species, which undergo significant evolutionary changes over time after they migrate. Richards’ research also involves studying how islands form and change over time.

According to Gosliner, one of the advantages of becoming a fellow includes networking with other scientists regionally and nationally. Fellows can attract external funding, and they can also contribute to increasing the breadths of scientific knowledge through working closely with the academy.

Tan, a researcher at the University and Jepson Herbaria at UC Berkeley, said that as a fellow, he will take care of the academy’s moss collection by checking the specimens and making sure they are properly classified and maintained.

Prior to achieving his fellow status, Tan established strong relations with the academy by collaborating on a research expedition in the Philippines, where he studied moss.

The other fellows include Kremen, a professor within the College of Natural Resources whose research involves studying the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems, and Stillman, an adjunct professor of integrative biology whose research involves studying the environmental physiology of marine life.

“Having four (UC) Berkeley faculty members nominated in that limited scope exemplifies how Cal has some of the leading top-notch scientists in the region and beyond,” Gosliner said.

Lydia Tuan covers research and ideas. Contact her at ltuan@dailycal.org.

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Spencer Klein/Courtesy

Right now, UC Berkeley graduate Zigmund Kermish should be preparing to launch a balloon-based telescope from Antarctica. This instrument, which would rise 120,000 feet into the atmosphere, collects data that might provide insight into the physics behind the Big Bang.

He would be on the ice by Nov. 1 if the U.S. government hadn’t shut down.

But without a spending bill to fund government operations, the National Science Foundation ran out of funds for the U.S. Antarctic Program about Monday, forcing a delay on Kermish’s work as well as that of other campus researchers. The shutdown comes at a crucial time for these scientists — the start of Antarctic summer, when many researchers head south to upgrade or begin projects.

Even if the federal government were to reopen tomorrow, Kermish said, researchers would not fully recover from the delay.

The base out of which these balloons are launched opens only for this period of about three months, during which weather further limits the time available for preparation and launch. Kermish, who is working on this project as a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University, said this instrument has been developing since about 2008.

Now, they must wait another year to collect data.

In an Oct. 8 statement, the NSF said it will continue to staff research stations in Antarctica at the minimum level, called “caretaker status,” required to keep people and property safe. What constitutes caretaker status, however, is still unclear to researchers.

“The rule is only essential operations can continue,” said Elizabeth George, a UC Berkeley doctoral student working on another project, the South Pole Telescope. “So in principle, you can say, ‘My equipment’s going to freeze — that is essential,’ but the reality of the situation is those decisions about what’s essential are not really made by scientists.”

The South Pole Telescope detects remaining light from the Big Bang, according to George, which can be used to study the early universe. Regardless of what the NSF decides to do, she said, any delay can wreak logistical havoc on such a large enterprise.

“Anything you do in Antarctica is driven by logistics: You need food, you need fuel, you need transportation,” said Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory senior scientist Spencer Klein, who is involved with the Berkeley IceCube group, which also does work in Antarctica. “Things that are just minor details here are enormous down there.”

George fears that, because of the current delay, the fuel required by these research stations will not arrive in time to start them up for next year. In that case, South Pole Telescope researchers will lose a year of data.

Additionally, contract workers, who agree to work in Antarctica for a set period of time, will be out of a job if a lack of funding prevents their deployment.

Klein faces similar issues in his South Pole project. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory — one cubic kilometer in volume — detects subatomic particles called neutrinos, which possess incredibly high energies. Scientists hope they can see how the particles reached such high energies by tracking their direction.

Klein said the NSF is unlikely to risk damaging equipment, considering the organization has already invested $242 million in IceCube. According to Klein, the observatory needs at least two people at the South Pole to maintain the technology and collect data. If data collection continues but the shutdown prevents researchers from flying down to upgrade the hardware this Antarctic summer, he said, the sacrifice will be survivable but not ideal.

“I just feel pretty helpless about the situation,” Klein said. “Everybody’s kind of making this up as they go.”

Contact Melissa Wen at mwen@dailycal.org.

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Nathaniel Solley/File

Two national laboratories in the Bay Area are set to furlough employees and halt research operations by Oct. 21 if the government shutdown remains unresolved.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory — the second-largest employer in Alameda County behind UC Berkeley — is set to close along with Sandia National Laboratories, also located in Livermore. The furlough would affect roughly 6,500 and 1,000 employees at the two labs, respectively. Both labs conduct research and development in nuclear arms control and nonproliferation technologies.

In a statement released Friday, Rep. Eric Swalwell, D-Dublin, said, “The 7,500 employees at risk of being furloughed … are among the best scientists and researchers in our country, and through no fault of their own they face the possibility of not receiving their paycheck at the end of the month.”

Swalwell, along with 10 other members of Congress from California including Sen. Dianne Feinstein, sent a letter Friday to U.S. Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz requesting back pay for furloughed laboratory employees after the shutdown is over.

Oct. 1 marked the beginning of the government shutdown due to an impasse over the federal budget.

Sandia spokesperson Michael Janes said the lab is in the process of developing contingency plans around the possibility of “a safe, secure and orderly shutdown of the labs.”

Previously appropriated funds from government contracts will allow Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, located in the Berkeley Hills, to remain open and operational, Berkeley lab spokesperson John Weiner said. The Berkeley lab employs an estimated 4,200 researchers and support staff.

Weiner said in an email that the lab is analyzing how and when programs and operations will have to adapt, adding that if the impasse over the federal budget is prolonged, impacts to research and employees would be “unavoidable.”

Peter Nugent, adjunct professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley and senior scientist at the Berkeley lab, confirmed the lab will stay open as long as funds from existing contracts are available.

“For most divisions, this (goes) into November or December due to carryover,” Nugent said. “Then all bets are off.”

The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, another national lab in the Bay Area that employs more than 1,500 researchers, will also remain open past Oct. 21.

At a town hall meeting held Sunday in Livermore, Swalwell addressed more than 200 employees from the two labs in Livermore.

“Not only will the labs’ cutting-edge scientific research be put on hold during a furlough period, our national labs could face an irreparable brain drain as our bright young scientists opt for the private sector,” Swalwell said in a press release.

Contact Jeff Landa at jlanda@dailycal.org.

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But on Sept. 27, James Huang, Stephanie Rogers and Eunkwang Joo received notice that Yelp had named their team one of four grand prize winners of the Yelp Dataset Challenge.

The trio sought to construct a project they could both enter in the Yelp competition and use for Computer Science 294, a class on behavioral data mining. After considering many topics, they chose to analyze Yelp restaurant reviews because “we like to eat,” Joo said.

The team started in early March and for the next two months used an online computer algorithm to analyze nearly 158,000 Yelp reviews of about 5,000 restaurants in Phoenix, Ariz., to identify the most important aspects of a dining experience. According to a UC Berkeley School of Information press release, the analysis pinpointed 50 different topics reviewers care about, including service and decor, which restaurants may in turn use to make specific improvements.

“This result is meaningful for Yelp and Yelp merchants as now they can dig into what customers care about and (know) specifically why customers are giving them high or low scoring reviews,” said Huang, who has now graduated from UC Berkeley and is working for a startup company.

Joo, now a graduate student at the School of Information, said that the team members didn’t expect to win the competition and was “surprised and thrilled” when they received the email notifying them that they had won.

According to their analysis, Asian restaurants tend to have the most polarized reviews of their service, with either strongly positive or negative comments. Customers also gave lower ratings to restaurants when they visited during restaurants’ busiest hours. The data shows a positive correlation between food quality and service, suggesting that reviewers’ perception of one may be influenced by their experience with the other.

“Our team was impressed by their methods and how useful this research could be for Yelp,” said Rachel Walker, a Yelp public relations specialist.

According to Rogers, a graduate student studying computer science, the results utilized an algorithm, called Latent Dirichlet Allocation, which automatically detects trends in thousands of reviews and calculates the results.

“This project is a great example of the work our students do: collaborating with students from other departments, requiring rigorous technical skills, and grounded in the real-world information needs of people and businesses,” said AnnaLee Saxenian, dean of the School of Information, in an email.

The team will be traveling to Yelp headquarters within the next couple of weeks to meet with Yelp representatives for a tour, lunch and photo shoot of the team receiving its $5,000 check.

Contact Michelaina Johnson at mjohnson@dailycal.org.

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The study found that from 2008 to 2011, the earnings gap between recent college male and female graduates and their peers who did not attend college decreased by 5 percent and 9 percent, respectively. However, over the course of a 40-year career, bachelor’s degree recipients earned 65 percent more than high school graduates.

On average, in 2011, those working full time with a bachelor’s degree earned $56,500, and those with only a high school diploma earned $35,400.

In 2011, males and females ages 25 to 34 with a bachelor’s degree earned 69 and 70 percent more, respectively, than those without one. In 2008, males earned 74 percent and females earned 79 percent more annually than those without an undergraduate degree.

Sandy Baum and Kathleen Payea, two co-authors of the report, noted that a large contributing factor to the change in the earnings gap was the recession that began in 2008. Baum called the change “a very small factor when we’re considering whether or not it’s worth it for students to attend college.”

Despite this decrease in the earnings gap between young college and high school graduates, the study states that there are long-term benefits of attending college, including increased chances of employment, social mobility and higher lifetime career income.

“Many people around their dinner tables were asking, ‘Is going to college worth the debt?’ ” Payea said. “Initially, students might have to pay back loans or may have lost income and experience while in college … but no one 10 to 20 years into their career would give up their education in retrospect.”

Additionally, the study found that postsecondary education relies more on private funding in the United States than in most other developed countries. In 2010, 36 percent of higher education funding in the United States came from public funds, while the rest came from households or other private sources. In other developed nations, such as Finland and Norway, 96 percent of funding came from public sources.

Carlos Torres, director of the Paulo Freire Institute and associate dean for global programs at UCLA, attributes the United States’ heavy dependence on private funding to the country’s history in developing education.

The United States’ tradition of contributing to universities through private donations and sustaining a highly decentralized educational policy has led to mixed methods of funding education, Torres said.

Although Baum and Payea acknowledge that higher education is expensive, especially at private institutions, Baum said that “for most people, some sort of postsecondary education is the best choice.”

Contact Chloee Weiner at cweiner@dailycal.org.

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Ariel D. Hayat/Staff

After moving 3,800 miles away from his friends and family in Ecuador, freshman Jinsoo Whang stepped onto the UC Berkeley campus ready to make it his new home.

But he immediately encountered obstacles. Because Whang never confirmed his housing arrangements, he came to orientation without a physical home for the fall, and his goal of making an emotional home in Berkeley were left by the wayside. After asking multiple people, Whang found an open room in a fraternity to rent, but that would only be the start of the many social, academic and cultural challenges he would encounter on campus.

A recent study by Dr. Meredith Terry, a research scientist at Duke University, found that freshmen who have more self-compassion — the degree to which people kindly treat themselves during distressing situations — better cope with the challenges associated with transitioning into college.

Terry said her research was motivated by a desire to understand the role of self-compassion in overcoming social and academic difficulties, particularly for freshmen. One of the most prevalent challenges for students beginning college is homesickness, Terry said.

“I was really worried,” said Whang, who is one of about 5,000 students to move away from home to attend UC Berkeley this year. ”Berkeley is such a big school. I thought it was going to be really hard to make friendships.”

Terry said students in rigorous academic environments such as UC Berkeley tend to think they should be self-critical to boost productivity and when their expectations, especially pertaining academic and social goals, are not met.

Many incoming UC Berkeley students tend to base their self-esteem on their performance in comparison to others, said Emiliana Simon-Thomas, science director at the campus’s Greater Good Science Center, which studies the psychology, sociology and neuroscience of well-being.

“It is close to impossible to be better (academically) than the other people at Berkeley — that shouldn’t be the goal,” Simon-Thomas said. “Rather, demonstrate to yourself that you are working hard toward that which is important to you.”

Terry has also found that indulging in self-compassion leads to less anxiety and depression over a long period of time.

Freshman Ayla Peters, who intends to major in political economy as well as operations research and management science, said she realized last week she could no longer base her performance on that of her peers.

“The morning of my math and economics midterms, I had a terrible fever and headache, (and) I thought, ‘I have two midterms today and can’t do this,’ ” she said. “In essence, it made me realize that it is not so much the grade but what you learn and how much you grow in the class.”

Contact Michelaina Johnson at mjohnson@dailycal.org.

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The team of researchers found that the neurons that trigger itching, a symptom commonly seen in eczema, are activated directly by TSLP, a small molecule secreted by cells in the epidermis.

The results of the study could open a new area for therapeutic intervention, said Diana Bautista, a campus assistant professor of cell and developmental biology who led the research, which started about three years ago. UC Berkeley graduate student Sarah Wilson, doctoral student Lydia The and several undergraduates also contributed to the study.

One of the experiments involved blocking nerve cells in mice and human cell culture. By blocking nerve cells in mice, researchers were able to prevent the itching symptom.

According to The, one in 10 people suffer from eczema, and effective over-the-counter remedies have yet to be found. Allergic itching is alleviated using over-the-counter antihistamines, which stop allergy symptoms. Children who develop severe eczema at an early age have an 80 percent chance of developing asthma, Bautista said.

Bautista hopes drug developers can use her research to screen for new drugs that can block TRPA1, an ion channel that senses pain and cold sensations, which would then block TSLP and stop the itch.

“I think that the number of people who suffer from chronic itch is on the rise, and all of the drugs on the market are ineffective,” said Bautista, who has dedicated four years to studying itch and touch. “Chronic itch is such a big problem, and little is known about the molecular mechanism.”

Currently, eczema is treated using over-the-counter creams, but patients also can seek holistic treatment, which involves acupuncture and herbal medicines.

“Usually, I get desperate patients who have been through everything else and haven’t had results,” said Jill Stevens, a licensed acupuncturist at Whole Family Wellness Center in Emeryville.

Stevens said she treats eczema patients by stimulating acupuncture points, using Chinese herbs and changing their diets.

“We get really great results when we follow that protocol,” she said.

The next step for the researchers is to run clinical trials, which Bautista hopes will yield positive results in humans.

Lydia Tuan covers research and ideas. Contact her at ltuan@dailycal.org.

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In a paper published on Oct. 7 in the journal Emotion, researchers revealed a link between DNA and the susceptibility of marital satisfaction to emotional influences. Researchers looked at a certain allele — a gene variant people inherit from each parent — that comes in a long or short version.

The researchers found inheritance of two short alleles predicted a heightened reaction to the emotional ups and downs of marriage. In contrast, the longer variant attenuates the effects of emotional fluctuation on spouses’ relationship satisfaction, according to Lian Bloch, a former graduate student at UC Berkeley who worked on the study.

“It certainly does point to the implication that our genes actually have a role in how emotions can affect our relationships, which is pretty profound,” Bloch said.

According to campus psychology professor Robert Levenson, the senior author of the study, these findings are the result of  more than 20 years of research. Levenson observed and surveyed a 156-person sample of married couples every five years, beginning in 1989.

“We bring them in our lab so we can take a snapshot of their marital interaction,” Levenson said. “We send them cards on their anniversary and stuff. So we’ve been part of their lives for two decades.”

In 2009, researchers received a grant allowing them to collect and study DNA from 125 people in the group. They had previously compiled a “recipe” for marital success based on which emotions couples generate and how they regulate them, Levenson said.

“Those are the ingredients,” Levenson said. “Now the question is, where do they come from? We thought, ‘Well, maybe one of the sources of these emotional ingredients are genetic differences.’ ”

They chose to focus on this particular allele, according to Levenson, because of its known connection to emotional responsiveness. It regulates serotonin, a chemical important in mood adjustment. People with two of the short alleles tend to experience the chemical more strongly.

While the short allele has been linked to negative outcomes, such as higher risks of depression and anxiety, Bloch said the results of this study are not black and white. While the short variation decreases resistance to emotional turmoil, it also allows a person to flourish more in a positive emotional climate.

According to Levenson, researchers are continuing to study DNA collected from the 125-person sample, including a gene that regulates dopamine, another mood-adjusting chemical. Like Bloch, he points to the nuances in this genetic evidence.

“This is not destiny,” Levenson said. “These are just slight differences in how you react to your environments. But they do accumulate over the days and the months and the years and the decades.”

Contact Melissa Wen at mwen@dailycal.org.

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The Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute will be supported by a $10 million contribution from the Kavli Foundation and receive a matching contribution from UC Berkeley. The funds will support research regarding highly energy-efficient processes, such as the conversion of light into energy during photosynthesis, at the nanoscale.

Paul Alivisatos, a campus professor of nanoscience and the director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, will lead a team of scientists from multiple disciplines at the institute.

The Kavli Foundation, which works to increase public knowledge about the contributions of basic science to the betterment of humanity, has funded 17 institutions worldwide in the fields of astronomy, nanoscience, neuroscience and theoretical physics. The Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute is the fifth institution focused on nanoscience — science at the scale of atoms and molecules — to be endowed by the foundation.

According to Robert Conn, president of the Kavli Foundation, researchers at the institute will focus on studying aspects of quantum mechanics that are not yet well understood.

Graham Fleming, UC Berkeley’s vice chancellor for research, stressed the importance of the institute’s goal of studying energy at a fundamental level and not only its applications.

“When we think about energy, we think of power stations or hydroelectric schemes,” he said. “This is energy on the large scale. The rules on the nanoscale are different, and we don’t understand them as well as we could.”

The institute’s team will be composed of scientists with backgrounds in chemistry, electrical engineering, physics and biology, among others.

Fleming described the institute as a great opportunity to bring together researchers from a range of fields, allowing them to realize that the questions they are stuck on in their own work are underlying themes across multiple disciplines.

Peidong Yang, a campus professor of energy and co-director of the institute, expressed enthusiasm about the “unlimited research” that could take place at the institute.

“It’s unrestricted in that we don’t have to work toward a certain application or a specific device,” he said. “By not limiting ourselves in this way, we increase the potential for new ideas to arise.”

According to Conn, two organizations, the Heising-Simons Foundation and the Philomathia Foundation, have already contributed $2.5 million to the institute, putting UC Berkeley halfway toward achieving its goal of matching the Kavli Foundation’s endowment.

The institute will be housed in the Solar Energy Research Center at the Berkeley lab and in the new Campbell Hall, which is expected to be completed in the next year.

Contact Chloee Weiner at cweiner@dailycal.org.

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Michael Drummond/Senior Staff

About 4 in the morning, a well-placed wanderer may spot UC Berkeley sophomore Steven Harvey roaming around Telegraph Avenue, head down in a hoodie and lost in thought. He walks with rapid determination, pursuing nothing but the mental exhaustion that will finally let him get some sleep.

“Then I lay down, I pray, relax and think,” Harvey said. “If it was a more stressful day, I’ll have a harder time sleeping because I’m thinking about the (stuff) I can’t get off my mind. I just can’t fall asleep — my body’s too awake.”

Harvey suffers from mild cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and insomnia, which researchers call a common, if not causal, combination. Although the correlation is significant, researchers cannot agree on whether daytime hyperactivity such as Harvey’s lends itself to restlessness at night or whether sleep deprivation initiates attention disruptions during the following day.

“A lot of times, things go together in medicine and mental health, and when there’s a correlation between two variables, we don’t know: Does A cause B, does B cause A, or does C cause A and B to go together?” said Stephen Hinshaw, a UC Berkeley psychology professor who studies ADHD in adolescents and serves as a consultant for the study.

In light of what Hinshaw calls the “billion-dollar question,” UC Berkeley psychology professor Allison Harvey at the Golden Bear Sleep and Mood Research Clinic recently launched a program to study whether modifying sleeping behaviors of local teenagers can help alleviate mental or emotional issues or at least slow down what Allison Harvey calls a “bidirectional vicious cycle,” in which one issue exacerbates another.

“Sleep deprivation is an understudied contributor to the multifactorial cause of mental illness, and it’s also one of the things that fuels them,” Allison Harvey said. “But the good news is it’s a modifiable contributor.”

The study, which began in the spring and will run each semester until 2016, brings together youth between the ages of 10 and 18 who have trouble falling asleep at night and who also suffer from emotional or mental issues or difficulties with learning or behavior.

Throughout the six-week program, the team will employ several “de-arousal techniques” such as yoga, meditation, a tuning-in with nature and a “focus of attention out rather than in,” Allison Harvey said. The team also administers an “electronics curfew” because light exposure inhibits drowsiness due to the rapid pathways from the neurons to the region of the brain responsible for sleep regulation.

More than 20 assistant undergraduate student researchers, called “sleep buddies,” are on deck to help maintain this specific environment conducive for sleeping. Ben Greenberg, a third-year UC Berkeley student and buddy team leader who plays board games with kids, said students must wear special goggles when they leave their rooms to keep light exposure down and their heart rates constant.

When the teens fall asleep and wake up, they must press a button on an advanced “actiwatch” that tracks their sleeping behaviors by monitoring the teens’ movement and blood pressure.

During the first overnight stay last month, the undergraduate researchers took samples of the youths’ saliva every 20 minutes and checked for melatonin, a sleep-regulating hormone whose onset signifies an individual’s natural “bedtime.” At the end of the six-week period, researchers will take a second group of measurements in an assessment to see whether they were able to push forward the onset of melatonin.

“The assumption is there’s a sleep disorder with repercussions across the board, and the only thing you can do is get a sleeping pill or treat it biologically,” Hinshaw said. “But a lot of biological things in life you can treat by altering life circumstances or changing the environment, and symptoms get better.”

For many students, sleep deprivation manifests in an inability to perform well at school and control rash behaviors, which campus associate professor of psychology Silvia Bunge attributes to a decrease in the frontal lobe’s communicative capabilities.

Steven Harvey says when he has not slept, he becomes moody and angry and is more likely to fire off at somebody. He added that he has trouble paying attention to his professors, on occasion sleeping in class and often staying up until sunrise to complete work for class.

“After sleep deprivation, the frontal lobes are less active and not as connected with other parts of the brain responsible for good decision-making,” Bunge said. “In adolescents, these connections become even more tenuous; the prefrontal cortex is interacting with all these different regions, but it’s not talking very quickly.”

Although some may assume parents are pushing youth to participate in these programs, Steven Harvey said sleep deprivation has been such a serious aspect of his life that while growing up, he would have participated in similar programs in a heartbeat.

Greenberg said it is this intrinsic motivation that keeps participants coming each week.

“I thought, ‘They’re all going to be so resistant,’ but it turned out these kids are actually really concerned about their sleep,” Greenberg said.

Hinshaw added that he believes kids are also eager to help advance science and that they have both a natural curiosity and motivation to get help.

“We don’t have a cure — it’s not going to change every kid to a great sleeper, but we can see which kids do best and why,” Hinshaw said. “When we can simultaneously help kids and advance science — that combination when you do intervention research is why I do the work I do.”

Virgie Hoban is the lead research and ideas reporter. Contact her at vhoban@dailycal.org and follow her on Twitter @VirgieHoban.

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